ABSTRACT
Introduction: Pneumatization of the sphenoid sinus is highlyvariable and it depends on the position of the sinus in relationto the sella turcica. The pattern of pneumatization of sphenoidsinus significantly affects safe access to the sella. Pneumatizedsphenoid sinus may distort the anatomical configuration so ifunaware, accidental injury can occur during invasive surgicaltechnique.Material and methods: This cross sectional observationalwas conducted by Postgraduate Department of Anatomyin collaboration with Department of Radiodiagnosis andImaging, Government Medical College, Srinagar. Thisstudy was done on CT scan of 200 cases (120 males and 80females). Since the aim of our study was to evaluate normalvariation in pneumatization of sphenoid sinus, cases foundto harbor pathology or disease enough to distort the regionalanatomy were excluded from the study. Extent of sphenoidpneumatization in relation to pituitary fossa was studied insagittal plane and categorized as sellar, presellar and conchal.Results were categorized for males and females separately.RESULTS: In our study of 200 cases, sellar type of sphenoidsinus pneumatization was majority accounting 180 (90%)while 18 (9%) were presellar and 2 (1%) were of chonchaltype. Both cases of chonchal type were males.Conclusion: The study was performed to demonstratesurgically dangerous variations of sphenoid sinuspneumatization for the safe removal of the intrasphenoid andpituitary lesions, with the goal of preventing complicationsand achieving the best possible results.
ABSTRACT
Background: Cyclophosphamide is widely used in the treatment of various neoplastic diseases and diseases associated with altered immunity. Higher doses used for longer duration effects many organs like urinary bladder, lungs, liver, heart and male reproductive organs. Methods: To study the effect of cyclophosphamide on the micro anatomy of liver, sixty eight Albino rats were taken and divided into three groups, group A (control group) of 20 animals, were fed with routine diet, group B (low dose group) of 24 animals, were given cyclophosphamide at the dose of 0.5 mg/100 gms in addition to the routine diet and group C (high dose group) of 24 animals, were given high dose of cyclophosphamide at the dose of 0.7 mg/100 gms of weight of animal in addition to the routine diet. The animals were sacrificed at intervals of 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks, 5 microns sections of the tissue were prepared and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin stain. Results: Microscopic changes in liver were apparent in the drug treated animals. In group B the changes appeared after 6 weeks while in group C they started appearing after 3 weeks of drug treatment. The changes were in the form of fatty changes, hemorrhages and central vein congestion. Conclusion: Cyclophosphamide induces histological changes like fatty infiltration and central vein congestion in the liver. These changes are with low doses given for longer durations and manifest earlier when larger doses are used. Thus it is advised that patients receiving cyclophosphamide should be periodically evaluated for liver dysfunction.
ABSTRACT
Background: Human glabrous skin has very rich nerve supply in the form of specialized nerve endings like Meissner’s corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Krause end bulbs etc for carrying sensory information to brain. Aim of study: To study the structure, pattern of innervations and nerve terminations of human Meissner’s corpuscle. Methods: Skin samples from sixty human beings (age range 2 to 72 years) were taken, sections prepared and stained with a cytological (Haematoxylin – Eosin and Vongieson’s stains) and a neural stain (Silver Impregnation). Results: With cytological stain, Meissner’s corpuscles were seen in dermal papillae of glabrous skin, each consisting of a cellular structure having a peripheral capsule and central core of transversely arranged cells. With neural stain, each corpuscle was seen to be oval, globular or cylindrical structure, having a capsule surrounding the core of spirally arranged nerve fibers, sandwiched by Schwann cells. In between nerve fibers of the core were seen small bundles of collagen fibers. 2-6 nerve fibers innervated each Mc from the sub corial plexus of nerves and formed various patterns of nerve endings like networks, end bulbs and varicosities inside the Meissner’s corpuscle. Conclusion: Meissner’s corpuscle is a complex structure composed of capsule - consisting of spindle shaped capsular cells interspersed in collagen fibers, surrounding a core of helically arranged nerve fibers, Schwann cells and collagen fibers.